You're not going to be able to trace the serial number to a specific vehicle. You can call the dealership and ask them if that engine came from your VIN number though.

Typically it's easier to look for "signs of an engine swap". Look at the hoses that run to the engine, are the clamps in the exact same place? They leave an indentation on the hose and unless someone was very OCD they didn't get all those hose clamps back in the exact same position.

Same thing with the big bolts for things like bellhousing, motor mounts, etc. Is all the grime rubbed off like they're recently been hit with an impact wrench?

Removing an engine isn't a clean process, there's a TON of stuff that gets unplugged, disconnected, or removed in order to get the engine out. There will be evidence.